Circular Economy Implementation in Palm Oil Biorefineries: A Systematic Review of Waste-to-Value Technologies, Resource Recovery, and Zero-Waste Production Models

This research is motivated by the global push towards a circular economy, which demands the palm oil industry transition from a linear model to a more efficient and sustainable system. The study aims to synthesize how waste-to-value technology, resource recovery strategies, and zero-waste production models are applied in palm biorefinery. The method used is a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review of 34 Scopus articles from the period 2019–2025. The results show that the implementation of a circular economy is dominated by the conversion of waste into energy and value-added products, supported by the integration of water, nutrient, and energy recovery in a closed system, as well as the development of near-zero waste models. Strategically, the integration of these approaches enhances resource efficiency, economic value, and environmental performance, while also serving as a foundation for more sustainable and bioeconomy-based palm oil industrialization policies.