Economic Costs of Non-Optimal Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Harvesting: A Review on Maturity-Driven Production and Quality Implications

This research is motivated by the significant role of the oil palm industry in the global economy, yet it still faces substantial losses due to suboptimal fresh fruit bunches (FFB) harvesting practices. This study aims to analyze the economic impact of premature or delayed harvesting on the quantity and quality of production. The method used is a qualitative literature review of various scientific sources and institutional reports from the period 2020–2026. The results show that improper harvest timing reduces the oil extraction rate (OER), increases free fatty acids, and triggers yield losses and price penalties. Losses occur throughout the value chain, including post-harvest losses of approximately 5.21% of production. Policy implications emphasize the importance of maturity standards, quality-based pricing systems, technological innovation in maturity assessment, and strengthening farmer capacity to support the efficiency, welfare, and sustainability of the palm oil industry.