Sustainable Natural Resource and Environmental Management: A Review of Adaptive Governance, Benefit Distribution, and Implementation Challenges

This article discusses the management of natural resources and the environment as a governance issue that is not only related to conservation but also to the distribution of benefits, justice, and long-term sustainability. The research aims to explain how ecological, economic, social, cultural, health, and educational benefits are formed, while also identifying the barriers to their implementation. Using an integrative and interpretative qualitative literature review method, this article examines scientific literature since 2020. The main findings indicate that sustainability benefits are not automatically distributed evenly due to institutional fragmentation, tenure conflicts, power imbalances, data limitations, weak enforcement, and often merely symbolic participation. This article emphasizes the need for adaptive, polycentric, ecosystem-based, transparent, and fair governance so that resource management truly strengthens socio-ecological resilience.