The Complex Nexus of Palm Oil, Forestry, and Environment: A Review on Evidence-Based Pathways Toward Sustainable Palm Oil Implementation

This journal examines the complex relationship between palm oil expansion, forestry, and the environment in Indonesia within the framework of sustainable palm oil implementation. Through a qualitative literature review of 52 recent sources, the study analyzes spatial expansion patterns, ecological impacts, governance effectiveness (RSPO, ISPO, and zero-deforestation commitments), and the dynamics of public narratives. Findings indicate that the impact of palm oil is highly contextual: peatland conversion is destructive, while development on degraded land and replanting can curb deforestation. Certification helps but is not yet sufficiently inclusive for smallholders. The implications are the need for peatland protection, intensification on existing land, and transparent and equitable landscape-based governance.