Empowering Women and Youth in Oil Palm Agriculture: A Systematic Review of GenderResponsive Education Programs for Smallholder Development

This journal examines the role of gender-responsive education in empowering women and youth in small-scale oil palm agriculture. Aiming to synthesize intervention patterns, outcomes, and contextual factors, the study employs a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review of 39 Scopus articles from the period 2019–2025. The results indicate that non-formal programs and participatory training are dominant, with adaptive designs that enhance capacity, participation, as well as some indicators of productivity and well-being. However, effectiveness is influenced by land access, capital, social norms, and institutional support. Gender-responsive education is considered a strategic component for governance and sustainability in smallholder oil palm development.