Ganoderma Boninense: An Existential Threat to Indonesian Oil Palm Sustainability - A Review of Pathogenicity, Economic Impact, and Integrated Management Strategies

This article examines the threat of basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense to the sustainability of Indonesian oil palm. Through a qualitative literature review of 63 publications, the study synthesizes pathogenicity mechanisms, distribution patterns, economic impacts, and the effectiveness of control strategies. The results show that incidence is increasing across planting generations and may worsen due to climate change, with significant economic losses. No single method is effective; an integrated control approach—strict sanitation, biological agents, tolerant varieties, early detection, and biosecurity policy support—is key to maintaining productivity and sustainable governance of the palm oil industry.