Net-Zero Emissions Pathways in Palm Oil Production: A Systematic Review of Methane Capture, Precision Agriculture, Renewable Energy Integration, and Carbon Credit Mechanisms

This research is motivated by the increasing global pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agro-industrial sector, particularly palm oil, which has both an important economic role and a significant emissions contribution. The study aims to synthesize pathways to net-zero emissions through the integration of technology and supporting mechanisms in the palm oil production system. The method used is a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review of 32 Scopus articles from the period 2019–2025. The results show that methane capture from mill effluent (POME) is the most effective strategy, supported by precision agriculture for input efficiency, renewable energy integration to reduce fossil use, and carbon credit mechanisms as economic incentives. Overall, the integrated approach has proven capable of significantly reducing emissions and approaching the net-zero target, with important implications for sustainable industry policy and low-carbon governance in the palm oil sector.