Palm Kernel Oil-Derived Medium-Chain Triglycerides and Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review of Physiological Mechanisms in Fat Oxidation, Ketogenesis, and Appetite Regulation

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) differ from long-chain fats because they are absorbed and metabolized more quickly in the liver. This study reviews 38 scientific articles published from 2019–2026 to assess the effects of MCT from palm kernel oil on fat oxidation, ketone body formation, and appetite regulation. The results indicate that MCT tends to enhance fat burning and thermogenesis, promote ketogenesis without strict carbohydrate restriction, and strengthen satiety through changes in appetite-related hormones. The magnitude of the effects is influenced by dosage, duration of consumption, and individual metabolic conditions. These findings support the development of functional foods and evidence-based nutrition policies, but long-term studies on more diverse populations are still needed.