Red Palm Oil as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenoids: Bioavailability, Microencapsulation Strategies, and Therapeutic Applications in Nutritional Deficiency and Disease

This journal reviews the potential of red palm oil (RPO) as a source of provitamin A carotenoids, particularly α-carotene and β-carotene, to support the prevention of vitamin A deficiency. Through a mini review of the latest evidence, this study discusses the bioactive composition of RPO, bioavailability, intervention studies, and formulation strategies such as microencapsulation and nanoemulsion. Findings indicate that RPO can increase retinol and β-carotene levels and reduce the risk of vitamin A deficiency, especially in vulnerable groups. However, RPO carotenoids are easily degraded by heat, light, and oxidation, necessitating formulation technology to maintain stability and acceptance in functional foods. The implication is that RPO has the potential to become a nutrition solution based on local food sources, while still considering safety, consumer acceptance, and the sustainability of the palm oil supply chain.