Selecting Sustainable Aviation Fuel Pathways for Indonesia

Decarbonizing aviation requires Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), but Indonesia needs to choose the technology pathway that best suits national conditions. This study compares various SAF pathways through a qualitative literature review based on technology readiness, feedstock availability and price, investment, blending limits, lifecycle emissions, infrastructure, policy, and market acceptance. The results indicate that HEFA is the most feasible for short-term development because it is commercially mature and compatible with existing refineries, especially when using traceable waste and residues. ATJ is considered promising for medium-term diversification, while FT is important for long-term scale. The implication is that Indonesia needs a phased strategy with sustainability standards, emission-based incentives, supply chain strengthening, and integration with the global SAF market.