Skills Development and Training Pathways for Sustainable Palm Oil Employment: A Review of Competency-Based Approaches to Green Job Creation

This journal examines the development of skills and competency-based training to promote sustainable employment in the palm oil sector. The aim is to synthesize how training pathways, digital, environmental, and managerial competencies contribute to the creation of green jobs. The method used is a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review of 30 Scopus articles from the period 2019–2025. The results show that competency needs are increasingly multidimensional and structured, with a competency-based training approach effectively enhancing productivity, compliance, and certification readiness. The implication is that strengthening integrated training systems and policy support is key to transforming the workforce towards a sustainable palm oil industry.