The Land Tenure Dualism Narrative in Indonesia and Its Implications for Oil Palm Sustainability: A Review

This journal reviews the dualism of land control in Indonesia and its impact on palm oil sustainability. The study highlights the tension between the framework of the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), which emphasizes agrarian reform and the social function of land, and forestry regulations that strengthen claims to state forest areas. Through a qualitative literature review of more than 50 academic sources, government reports, and international publications, this study finds that tenure uncertainty is a major obstacle to sustainability certification, especially for smallholders. Land dualism also triggers agrarian conflicts, farmer exclusion, and land banking practices. The implications are that sustainable palm oil governance requires regulatory harmonization, acceleration of farmer land legality, participatory spatial planning, and the integration of agrarian justice into ISPO policies and sustainability.