Toward a Triple Bottom Line: A Review of Sustainability Practices in the Palm Oil Supply Chain

This journal examines the application of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework in the palm oil supply chain amidst global pressures on deforestation and social justice issues. Through a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review of 31 articles (2021–2025), this study maps economic, environmental, and social practices. The findings indicate progress in efficiency, certification, and emission reduction, but aspects of labor, smallholder inclusion, and governance remain weak. A more integrated and inclusive approach, along with strengthened regulation and transparency, is needed to ensure comprehensive sustainability.